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#87 astrodeep200407aab10a.png 16.38 MB 2483X2482 HUDF center NASA original
Image by rmforall@gmail.com
#87 astrodeep200407aab10a.png 16.38 MB 2483X2482 HUDF center NASA original
See also:
#91 astrodeep200407aab10aa.png 4.12 MB 1244X1243 HUDF top center NASA original
This image is 15.86% of the area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field,
which is 186 arc-seconds wide and high = 3.1 arc-minutes
= 1/10 width of the Full Moon or Sun, about 0.5 degrees,
so the HUDF is about 1% of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun,
short introduction re viewing lovely subtle earliest structures in HUDF: AstroDeep, Rich Murray 2009.02.23
I’ve found since 2005 myriad ubiquitous bright blue sources, always on a darker fractal 3D web, along with a variety of sizes of irregular early galaxies, in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, simply by increasing the gamma from 1.00 to 2.00 and saturating the colors, while minimizing the green band to simplify the complex overlays of complex fractal structures.
Dozens of these images, covering the entire HUDF in eight ~20 MB segments, are available for viewing at many scales [ To change the size of images on Windows PCs, use Control - and + ] on www.Flickr.com at the "rmforall" photostream. Try #86 for the central 16% of the HUDF.
ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five 2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, — might be clusters of earliest hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17 2009.01.20
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/
The 5 closeups are about 2.2×2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70×70 pixels.
The HUDF is 315×315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left.
Each side has 10,500×10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel.
Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of 3022×2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their Zoomable image:
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting, 1 to a dozen or so pixels, as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs, probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive, short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight, expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases.
As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based on the details readily visible in images in the public domain.
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html
Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks
Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@comcast.net 505-501-2298
1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/messages
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages
www.sfcomplex.org Santa Fe Complex
You are welcome to visit me and share your comments as I share these images at home on a 4X8 foot screen — no fee.
Anyone may view and download for free 91 images, presenting the HUDF in eight 20 MB pieces at rmforall at www.FlickR.com — #86 is about 20% of the HUDF in their red and blue colors, as leaving out the green greatly simplifies interpreting the overlapping layers of transparent fractal webs of gas with a wide range of sizes of rather distant sources, beyond z = 5.
_____________________________________________________________
astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.10 MB flickr.com rmforall #90 astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.68 MB 1244X1243 px HUDF center top left: Lillian J Kelly: Rich Murray 2008.12.30
The attachment is my image from my hard drive:
astrodeep200407aab10ada.png
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/3103426063/
#90 astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.68 MB 1244X1243 px HUDF center top left
Click on All Sizes to see and download the Original
or find it directly at
farm4.static.flickr.com/3161/3103426063_df229d2202_o.png
In Windows Vista, use CTRL +/= over and over to magnify images,
and CRTL _/- to reduce.
You can also go to Control Panel to Ease of Access
to Ease of Access Center
to Optimize visual display
to turn on Magnifier,
which creates a box of any size and location that magnifies
from 1 to 16 times in width and height,
whatever area the cursor is pointed at on any image on the screen.
You can even make "stereo" pairs side by side,
by setting Magnifier to 1X,
and putting its box to the left or right half of the screen,
and using the cursor to adjust
until the two images are matching and side by side.
Then if you can, gaze with crossed eyes at the two images
to get a third image in between,
which may well look 3D and have much more detail.
This image is 3.965% of the area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field,
which is 186 arc-seconds wide and high = 3.1 arc-minutes
= 1/10 width of the Full Moon or Sun, about 0.5 degrees,
so the HUDF is about 1% of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun,
while the image is .9765 times 1/1,000 of the area of the HUDF,
so the image is about 1/100,000 area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun.
The image is 23.25 are-seconds wide and high,
while the pixels are 0.03 arc-seconds wide in the original HUDF.
The background of many small blue spots are about 1-10 pixels in area.
I have used a simple, low-cost program, MGI PhotoSuite 4.0 to process these images:
double the Gamma to 2.00,
raise the color saturation,
shift colors a bit to accentuate the reds,
remove most of the Green band,
so the image is mostly made of Blue (coding for visible blue),
with Red codes for the invisible infrared just longer in wavelength than visible red.
Mixed Blue and Red make green, yellow, orange, red, and white.
However these colors are downshifted in frequency (lengthened in wavelength)
more and more the more they are distant in space (light travel time from us):
The "Little Feller", like the figure "8" in the top center
to the right of the red galaxy with a red swirl on the right,
has been measured to be at redshift distance z = 4.88,
so its light is changed by a factor of 4.88 –
its apparent reds, oranges, and yellows represent radiation in the hot ultraviolet,
and its age from us is about 13 billion years,
about a billion years after the Big Bang,
13.7 billion = 13,700 million years ago.
The Sun and solar system are 4.6 billion = 4,600 million years ago.
The myriad tiny background blue spots,
along with some green ones,
always on a dark 3D fractal mesh,
are probably the first stars,
made of pure hydrogen and helium,
about 100-100 solar masses in size,
extremely hot and short-lived,
exploding as hypernovae after 1-2 million years,
often with intense bipolar jets,
often leaving relic neutron stars and black holes,
flinging new elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen into space to become the substance of later generations of stars,
which are closer to us in space (nearer in time), smaller, more numerous, cooler, longer-lived,
collecting together by gravity to make clouds, clusters, dwarf galaxies, clump cluster galaxies, irregular galaxies, and mature galaxies,
flat slowly rotating spirals and rounded ellipticals,
which often collide, especially at first
before the constant expansion of space-time separated them more and more —
the expansion of space-time itself that originated from a minute region in a source reality
that had at least 10 dimensions of space and one of time — the Big Bang.
So, we see far-away early gatherings of hot blue and green objects,
and closer (nearer to us in time) more numerous gatherings of cooler red objects,
which all seem exist as a 3D fractal network of twisted tubes,
rather transparent, as there was little dust in early time to darken light.
It is well known that for every mass of ordinary matter, gas, dust, stars,
there is about 6 times more mass of completely invisible dark matter,
which pulls itself together by gravity into a 3D fractal network, making
the scaffold that ordinary matter collects within.
Dark matter surrounds glalaxies and superclusters of galaxies,
bending light gently by gravity,
so that the dark matter appears as subtle transparent bubbles
against the complex background of deeper structures.
Additionally the cosmic zoo may include galaxy-wide strings of
condensed space-time geometry, formed during the Big Bang,
that are massive enough to bend light
and make double twin images of objects far behind them from us.
ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five 2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, — might be clusters of earliest hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/
The 5 closeups are about 2.2×2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70×70 pixels.
The HUDF is 315×315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left.
Each side has 10,500×10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel.
Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of
3022×2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their
Zoomable image:
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue
sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting,
1 to a dozen or so pixels,
as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs,
probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive,
short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight,
expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and
bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with
a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases.
As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based
on the details readily visible in images in the public domain.
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html
Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks
In this image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, several objects are identified
as the faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe.
They are so far away that we see them as they looked less than one billion
years after the Big Bang.
Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the newly
discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than our Milky
Way Galaxy.
The bottom row of pictures shows several of these clumps (distance expressed
in redshift value).
Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly disrupted.
Rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear stretched into
tadpole-like shapes.
This is a sign that they may be interacting and merging with neighboring
galaxies to form larger structures.
The detection required joint observations between Hubble and NASA’s Spitzer
Space Telescope.
Blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars.
The absence of red light from Spitzer observations conclusively shows that
these are truly young galaxies without an earlier generation of stars.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
Id: heic0714a
Object: HUDF, UDF, Hubble Ultra Deep Field
Type: Cosmology
Instrument: ACS
Width: 2750
Height: 3312
Downloads
Images
www.spacetelescope.org/images/original/heic0714a.tif
Fullsize Original 17.085 MB
www.alternatiff.com/
view with free software AlternaTIFF
alternatiff-1_8_4.exe for Firefox browser
Large JPEG
3,422 KB
Screensize JPEG
387 KB
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Zoomable
Copyright-free material (more info).
www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMCGRMPQ5F_index_1.html
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31/image/
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
www.spacetelescope.org/news/text/heic0714.txt
HEIC0714: EMBARGOED UNTIL 18:00 (CEST)/12:00 PM EDT 06 September, 2007
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
News release:
Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes find "Lego-block" galaxies in early
Universe
06-September 2007 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA
Spitzer Space Telescope have joined forces to discover nine of the
smallest, faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe. Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the
newly discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than
our Milky Way Galaxy.
The conventional model for galaxy evolution predicts that small galaxies
in the early Universe evolved into the massive galaxies of today by
coalescing. Nine Lego-like "building block" galaxies initially detected
by Hubble likely contributed to the construction of the Universe as we
know it. "These are among the lowest mass galaxies ever directly
observed in the early Universe" says Nor Pirzkal of the European Space
Agency/STScI.
Pirzkal was surprised to find that the galaxies’ estimated masses were
so small. Hubble’s cousin observatory, NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope
was called upon to make precise determinations of their masses. The
Spitzer observations confirmed that these galaxies are some of the
smallest building blocks of the Universe.
These young galaxies offer important new insights into the Universe’s
formative years, just one billion years after the Big Bang. Hubble
detected sapphire blue stars residing within the nine pristine galaxies.
The youthful stars are just a few million years old and are in the
process of turning Big Bang elements (hydrogen and helium) into heavier
elements. The stars have probably not yet begun to pollute the
surrounding space with elemental products forged within their cores.
"While blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars, it
is the absence of infrared light in the sensitive Spitzer images that
was conclusive in showing that these are truly young galaxies without an
earlier generation of stars," says Sangeeta Malhotra of Arizona State
University in Tempe, USA, one of the investigators.
The galaxies were first identified by James Rhoads of Arizona State
University, USA, and Chun Xu of the Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics in Shanghai, China. Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly
disrupted — rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear
stretched into tadpole-like shapes. This is a sign that they may be
interacting and merging with neighbouring galaxies to form larger,
cohesive structures.
The galaxies were observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) with
Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Near Infrared Camera and
Multi-Object Spectrometer as well as Spitzer’s Infrared Array Camera and
the European Southern Observatory’s Infrared Spectrometer and Array
Camera. Seeing and analysing such small galaxies at such a great
distance is at the very limit of the capabilities of the most powerful
telescopes. Images taken through different colour filters with the ACS
were supplemented with exposures taken through a so-called grism which
spreads the different colours emitted by the galaxies into short
"trails". The analysis of these trails allows the detection of emission
from glowing hydrogen gas, giving both the distance and an estimate of
the rate of star formation. These "grism spectra" — taken with Hubble
and analysed with software developed at the Space Telescope-European
Coordinating Facility in Munich, Germany — can be obtained for objects
that are significantly fainter than can be studied spectroscopically
with any other current telescope.
# # #
Notes for editors
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation
between ESA and NASA.
Pirzkal’s main collaborators were Malhotra, Rhoads, Xu, and the GRism
ACS Program for Extragalactic Science (GRAPES) team.
Image credit: NASA, ESA and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
If you wish to no longer receive these News and Photo Releases, please
send an email to distribution@spacetelescope.org with your name.
For more information, please contact:
Nor Pirzkal ;
European Space Agency/Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: 410-338-4879
Lars Lindberg Christensen ;
Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany
Tel: +49-(0)89-3200-6306
Cellular: +49-(0)173-3872-621
Ray Villard ;
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: +1-410-338-4514
Whitney Clavin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA
Tel: +1-818-354-4673
AST HUDF Spitzer IR 9 galaxies z 4-5.7, N Pirzdal, S Malhotra, JE Rhoads, C Xu,
2007.05.01 28p
www.spacetelescope.org/news/science_paper/0612513.pdf
arXiv:astro-ph/0612513v2 1 May 2007
Optical to mid-IR observations of Lyman-a galaxies at z about 5 in the HUDF: a
young and low mass population
N. Pirzkal 1,2,
S. Malhotra 3,
J. E. Rhoads 3,
C. Xu 4
ABSTRACT
High redshift galaxies selected on the basis of their strong Lyman-a emission
tend to be young ages and small physical sizes.
We show this by analyzing the spectral energy distribution (SED) of 9 Lyman-a
emitting (LAE) galaxies at 4.0 < z < 5.7 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF).
Rest-frame UV to optical 700A < wavelength < 7500A luminosities, or upper
limits, are used to constrain old stellar populations.
We derive best fit, as well as maximally massive and maximally old, properties
of all 9 objects.
We show that these faint and distant objects are all very young, being most
likely only a few millions years old, and not massive, the mass in stars being
about 10E6 to 10E8 M sun.
Deep Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of these objects,
even in cases where objects were not detected,
were crucial in constraining the masses of these objects.
The space density of these objects, about 1.25 x 10E-4 per cubic Mpc is
comparable to previously reported space density of LAEs at moderate to high
redshifts.
These Lyman-a galaxies show modest star formation rates of about 8 M sun per
year, which is nevertheless strong enough to have allowed these galaxies to
assemble their stellar mass in less than a few 10E6 years.
These sources appear to have small physical sizes, usually smaller than 1 Kpc,
and are also rather concentrated.
They are likely to be some of the least massive and youngest high redshift galaxies observed to date.
Subject headings: galaxies: evolution, galaxies: high redshift, galaxies:
formation, galaxies: structure, surveys, cosmology
1 Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
2 Affiliated with the Space Science Telescope Division of the European Space
Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
3 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
4 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai, P.R. China 200083
____________________________________________________________
See similar images:
notable bright blue tiny sources on darker 3D fractal web in HUDF VLT ESO
28 images from 506 galaxies, z about 6 , RJ Bouwens, GD Illingworth,
JP Blakeslee, M Franx 2008.02.04 draft 36 page: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/26
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/86
bright blue 1-4 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in IR and visible light
HUDF images — might be the clusters of earliest hypernovae in the
Naoki Yoshida and Lars Hernquist simulation: Rich Murray 2008.07.31
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.htm
Thursday, July 31, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/24
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/84
____________________________________________________________
Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@comcast.net
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/messages
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages
____________________________________________________________
tr.im Quick Cash! Free Online Home Business Using Twitter! How To Make Money Online For Free And Earn Residuals Monthly (Video Tips) Twitter.com Free Business You Can Earn Money With A Free Sign Up Bonus Twitter Online Free Affiliate Business Is Explosive Make Money Fast! FREE Home Business Opportunity and How I Made Over 00 In Just 4 weeks Without Personally Selling A Single Thing. Make Money Online And Work From Home In 2009! This is a Youtube Video that is all about Make Money Using funny Extremely funny Easy Ways To Make Extra Money Online Make Money Using MySpace. 10 Ways to Make Money with MySpace How can I make money with MySpace? Or rather, should you even bother with developing MySpace as another source of online income? How to Make Money Using MySpace It’s very possible to make money using MySpace as your gateway. .How to Use Myspace to Make Money Online Check out How to Use Myspace to Make Money Online Make Money on MySpace Make Money with Facebook great resource to make money with MySpace, Facebook, and other social Videos: MySpace Videos. How to Make Money Online using YouTube and Myspace Youtube Video (web 2.0) Get your free report here Now you can learn On MySpace For Profits! MySpace I was doing pretty well for myself working online completely from home until Your ideas for using funny to make money on eBay are nothing Unlocking MySpace – The #1 funny Info Product on the Net! How You Market, Promote Youtube Video And Make Money On MySpace. Internet …
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#91 astrodeep200407aab10aa.png 4.12 MB 1244X1243 HUDF top center NASA original
Image by rmforall@gmail.com
#91 astrodeep200407aab10aa.png 4.12 MB 1244X1243 HUDF top center NASA original
This image is 6.3×6.3 arc-seconds, 3.965% of the area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field,
which is 186 arc-seconds wide and high = 3.1 arc-minutes
= 1/10 width of the Full Moon or Sun, about 0.5 degrees,
so the HUDF is about 1% of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun,
short introduction re viewing lovely subtle earliest structures in HUDF: AstroDeep, Rich Murray 2009.02.23
I’ve found since 2005 myriad ubiquitous bright blue sources, always on a darker fractal 3D web, along with a variety of sizes of irregular early galaxies, in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, simply by increasing the gamma from 1.00 to 2.00 and saturating the colors, while minimizing the green band to simplify the complex overlays of complex fractal structures.
Dozens of these images, covering the entire HUDF in eight ~20 MB segments, are available for viewing at many scales [ To change the size of images on Windows PCs, use Control - and + ] on www.Flickr.com at the "rmforall" photostream. Try #86 for the central 16% of the HUDF.
ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five 2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, — might be clusters of earliest hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17 2009.01.20
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/
The 5 closeups are about 2.2×2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70×70 pixels.
The HUDF is 315×315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left.
Each side has 10,500×10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel.
Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of 3022×2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their Zoomable image:
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting, 1 to a dozen or so pixels, as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs, probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive, short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight, expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases.
As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based on the details readily visible in images in the public domain.
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html
Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks
Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@comcast.net 505-501-2298
1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/messages
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages
www.sfcomplex.org Santa Fe Complex
You are welcome to visit me and share your comments as I share these images at home on a 4X8 foot screen — no fee.
Anyone may view and download for free 91 images, presenting the HUDF in eight 20 MB pieces at rmforall at www.FlickR.com — #86 is about 20% of the HUDF in their red and blue colors, as leaving out the green greatly simplifies interpreting the overlapping layers of transparent fractal webs of gas with a wide range of sizes of rather distant sources, beyond z = 5.
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astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.10 MB flickr.com rmforall #90 astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.68 MB 1244X1243 px HUDF center top left: Lillian J Kelly: Rich Murray 2008.12.30
The attachment is my image from my hard drive:
astrodeep200407aab10ada.png
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/3103426063/
#90 astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.68 MB 1244X1243 px HUDF center top left
Click on All Sizes to see and download the Original
or find it directly at
farm4.static.flickr.com/3161/3103426063_df229d2202_o.png
In Windows Vista, use CTRL +/= over and over to magnify images,
and CRTL _/- to reduce.
You can also go to Control Panel to Ease of Access
to Ease of Access Center
to Optimize visual display
to turn on Magnifier,
which creates a box of any size and location that magnifies
from 1 to 16 times in width and height,
whatever area the cursor is pointed at on any image on the screen.
You can even make "stereo" pairs side by side,
by setting Magnifier to 1X,
and putting its box to the left or right half of the screen,
and using the cursor to adjust
until the two images are matching and side by side.
Then if you can, gaze with crossed eyes at the two images
to get a third image in between,
which may well look 3D and have much more detail.
This image is 6.3×6.3 arc-seconds, 3.965% of the area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field,
which is 186 arc-seconds wide and high = 3.1 arc-minutes
= 1/10 width of the Full Moon or Sun, about 0.5 degrees,
so the HUDF is about 1% of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun,
while the image is 4% of 1/1,000 of the area of the HUDF,
so the image is about 4/100,000 of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun.
The image is 6.3 are-seconds wide and high,
while the pixels are 0.03 arc-seconds wide in the original HUDF.
The background of many small blue spots are about 1-10 pixels in area.
I have used a simple, low-cost program, MGI PhotoSuite 4.0 to process these images:
double the Gamma to 2.00,
raise the color saturation,
shift colors a bit to accentuate the reds,
remove most of the Green band,
so the image is mostly made of Blue (coding for visible blue),
with Red codes for the invisible infrared just longer in wavelength than visible red.
Mixed Blue and Red make green, yellow, orange, red, and white.
However these colors are downshifted in frequency (lengthened in wavelength)
more and more the more they are distant in space (light travel time from us):
The "Little Feller", like the figure "8" in the top center
to the right of the red galaxy with a red swirl on the right,
has been measured to be at redshift distance z = 4.88,
so its light is changed by a factor of 4.88 –
its apparent reds, oranges, and yellows represent radiation in the hot ultraviolet,
and its age from us is about 13 billion years,
about a billion years after the Big Bang,
13.7 billion = 13,700 million years ago.
The Sun and solar system are 4.6 billion = 4,600 million years ago.
The myriad tiny background blue spots,
along with some green ones,
always on a dark 3D fractal mesh,
are probably the first stars,
made of pure hydrogen and helium,
about 100-100 solar masses in size,
extremely hot and short-lived,
exploding as hypernovae after 1-2 million years,
often with intense bipolar jets,
often leaving relic neutron stars and black holes,
flinging new elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen into space to become the substance of later generations of stars,
which are closer to us in space (nearer in time), smaller, more numerous, cooler, longer-lived,
collecting together by gravity to make clouds, clusters, dwarf galaxies, clump cluster galaxies, irregular galaxies, and mature galaxies,
flat slowly rotating spirals and rounded ellipticals,
which often collide, especially at first
before the constant expansion of space-time separated them more and more —
the expansion of space-time itself that originated from a minute region in a source reality
that had at least 10 dimensions of space and one of time — the Big Bang.
So, we see far-away early gatherings of hot blue and green objects,
and closer (nearer to us in time) more numerous gatherings of cooler red objects,
which all seem exist as a 3D fractal network of twisted tubes,
rather transparent, as there was little dust in early time to darken light.
It is well known that for every mass of ordinary matter, gas, dust, stars,
there is about 6 times more mass of completely invisible dark matter,
which pulls itself together by gravity into a 3D fractal network, making
the scaffold that ordinary matter collects within.
Dark matter surrounds glalaxies and superclusters of galaxies,
bending light gently by gravity,
so that the dark matter appears as subtle transparent bubbles
against the complex background of deeper structures.
Additionally the cosmic zoo may include galaxy-wide strings of
condensed space-time geometry, formed during the Big Bang,
that are massive enough to bend light
and make double twin images of objects far behind them from us.
ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five 2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, — might be clusters of earliest hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85
www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/
The 5 closeups are about 2.2×2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70×70 pixels.
The HUDF is 315×315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left.
Each side has 10,500×10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel.
Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of
3022×2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their
Zoomable image:
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue
sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting,
1 to a dozen or so pixels,
as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs,
probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive,
short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight,
expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and
bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with
a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases.
As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based
on the details readily visible in images in the public domain.
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html
Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks
In this image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, several objects are identified
as the faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe.
They are so far away that we see them as they looked less than one billion
years after the Big Bang.
Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the newly
discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than our Milky
Way Galaxy.
The bottom row of pictures shows several of these clumps (distance expressed
in redshift value).
Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly disrupted.
Rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear stretched into
tadpole-like shapes.
This is a sign that they may be interacting and merging with neighboring
galaxies to form larger structures.
The detection required joint observations between Hubble and NASA’s Spitzer
Space Telescope.
Blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars.
The absence of red light from Spitzer observations conclusively shows that
these are truly young galaxies without an earlier generation of stars.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
Id: heic0714a
Object: HUDF, UDF, Hubble Ultra Deep Field
Type: Cosmology
Instrument: ACS
Width: 2750
Height: 3312
Downloads
Images
www.spacetelescope.org/images/original/heic0714a.tif
Fullsize Original 17.085 MB
www.alternatiff.com/
view with free software AlternaTIFF
alternatiff-1_8_4.exe for Firefox browser
Large JPEG
3,422 KB
Screensize JPEG
387 KB
www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html
Zoomable
Copyright-free material (more info).
www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMCGRMPQ5F_index_1.html
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31
hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31/image/
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
www.spacetelescope.org/news/text/heic0714.txt
HEIC0714: EMBARGOED UNTIL 18:00 (CEST)/12:00 PM EDT 06 September, 2007
www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html
News release:
Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes find "Lego-block" galaxies in early
Universe
06-September 2007 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA
Spitzer Space Telescope have joined forces to discover nine of the
smallest, faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant
Universe. Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the
newly discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than
our Milky Way Galaxy.
The conventional model for galaxy evolution predicts that small galaxies
in the early Universe evolved into the massive galaxies of today by
coalescing. Nine Lego-like "building block" galaxies initially detected
by Hubble likely contributed to the construction of the Universe as we
know it. "These are among the lowest mass galaxies ever directly
observed in the early Universe" says Nor Pirzkal of the European Space
Agency/STScI.
Pirzkal was surprised to find that the galaxies’ estimated masses were
so small. Hubble’s cousin observatory, NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope
was called upon to make precise determinations of their masses. The
Spitzer observations confirmed that these galaxies are some of the
smallest building blocks of the Universe.
These young galaxies offer important new insights into the Universe’s
formative years, just one billion years after the Big Bang. Hubble
detected sapphire blue stars residing within the nine pristine galaxies.
The youthful stars are just a few million years old and are in the
process of turning Big Bang elements (hydrogen and helium) into heavier
elements. The stars have probably not yet begun to pollute the
surrounding space with elemental products forged within their cores.
"While blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars, it
is the absence of infrared light in the sensitive Spitzer images that
was conclusive in showing that these are truly young galaxies without an
earlier generation of stars," says Sangeeta Malhotra of Arizona State
University in Tempe, USA, one of the investigators.
The galaxies were first identified by James Rhoads of Arizona State
University, USA, and Chun Xu of the Shanghai Institute of Technical
Physics in Shanghai, China. Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly
disrupted — rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear
stretched into tadpole-like shapes. This is a sign that they may be
interacting and merging with neighbouring galaxies to form larger,
cohesive structures.
The galaxies were observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) with
Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Near Infrared Camera and
Multi-Object Spectrometer as well as Spitzer’s Infrared Array Camera and
the European Southern Observatory’s Infrared Spectrometer and Array
Camera. Seeing and analysing such small galaxies at such a great
distance is at the very limit of the capabilities of the most powerful
telescopes. Images taken through different colour filters with the ACS
were supplemented with exposures taken through a so-called grism which
spreads the different colours emitted by the galaxies into short
"trails". The analysis of these trails allows the detection of emission
from glowing hydrogen gas, giving both the distance and an estimate of
the rate of star formation. These "grism spectra" — taken with Hubble
and analysed with software developed at the Space Telescope-European
Coordinating Facility in Munich, Germany — can be obtained for objects
that are significantly fainter than can be studied spectroscopically
with any other current telescope.
# # #
Notes for editors
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation
between ESA and NASA.
Pirzkal’s main collaborators were Malhotra, Rhoads, Xu, and the GRism
ACS Program for Extragalactic Science (GRAPES) team.
Image credit: NASA, ESA and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI)
If you wish to no longer receive these News and Photo Releases, please
send an email to distribution@spacetelescope.org with your name.
For more information, please contact:
Nor Pirzkal ;
European Space Agency/Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: 410-338-4879
Lars Lindberg Christensen ;
Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany
Tel: +49-(0)89-3200-6306
Cellular: +49-(0)173-3872-621
Ray Villard ;
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: +1-410-338-4514
Whitney Clavin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA
Tel: +1-818-354-4673
AST HUDF Spitzer IR 9 galaxies z 4-5.7, N Pirzdal, S Malhotra, JE Rhoads, C Xu,
2007.05.01 28p
www.spacetelescope.org/news/science_paper/0612513.pdf
arXiv:astro-ph/0612513v2 1 May 2007
Optical to mid-IR observations of Lyman-a galaxies at z about 5 in the HUDF: a
young and low mass population
N. Pirzkal 1,2,
S. Malhotra 3,
J. E. Rhoads 3,
C. Xu 4
ABSTRACT
High redshift galaxies selected on the basis of their strong Lyman-a emission
tend to be young ages and small physical sizes.
We show this by analyzing the spectral energy distribution (SED) of 9 Lyman-a
emitting (LAE) galaxies at 4.0 < z < 5.7 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF).
Rest-frame UV to optical 700A < wavelength < 7500A luminosities, or upper
limits, are used to constrain old stellar populations.
We derive best fit, as well as maximally massive and maximally old, properties
of all 9 objects.
We show that these faint and distant objects are all very young, being most
likely only a few millions years old, and not massive, the mass in stars being
about 10E6 to 10E8 M sun.
Deep Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of these objects,
even in cases where objects were not detected,
were crucial in constraining the masses of these objects.
The space density of these objects, about 1.25 x 10E-4 per cubic Mpc is
comparable to previously reported space density of LAEs at moderate to high
redshifts.
These Lyman-a galaxies show modest star formation rates of about 8 M sun per
year, which is nevertheless strong enough to have allowed these galaxies to
assemble their stellar mass in less than a few 10E6 years.
These sources appear to have small physical sizes, usually smaller than 1 Kpc,
and are also rather concentrated.
They are likely to be some of the least massive and youngest high redshift galaxies observed to date.
Subject headings: galaxies: evolution, galaxies: high redshift, galaxies:
formation, galaxies: structure, surveys, cosmology
1 Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
2 Affiliated with the Space Science Telescope Division of the European Space
Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
3 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
4 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai, P.R. China 200083
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See similar images:
notable bright blue tiny sources on darker 3D fractal web in HUDF VLT ESO
28 images from 506 galaxies, z about 6 , RJ Bouwens, GD Illingworth,
JP Blakeslee, M Franx 2008.02.04 draft 36 page: Rich Murray 2008.08.17
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm
Sunday, August 17, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/26
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/86
bright blue 1-4 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in IR and visible light
HUDF images — might be the clusters of earliest hypernovae in the
Naoki Yoshida and Lars Hernquist simulation: Rich Murray 2008.07.31
rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.htm
Thursday, July 31, 2008
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/24
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/84
____________________________________________________________
Rich Murray, MA Room For All rmforall@comcast.net
505-501-2298 1943 Otowi Road Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505
groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/messages
groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages
____________________________________________________________